Twenge Campbell 2018

• Paste quoted text from the Methods section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks or a bullet mark:

Participants were the caregivers of 44,734 children and adolescents 2 years of age and older in the U.S. in the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) conducted in 2016 by the U.S. Census Bureau. As many items on psychological well-being were asked only of caregivers with children ages 2 and over, we restricted our analyses to children ages 2 to 17

• Write your translation on the next line:

The researchers analysed data from 44,734 responses to the 2016 NSCH survey, in which parents answered questions about their children’s screen time and psychological well-being. The survey did not ask parents about the psychological well-being of children under age 2, so the researchers excluded that age group from their data.

• Paste quoted text from the Introduction of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Some studies find significant associations between screen time and low well-being (Babic et al., 2017; Page et al., 2010; Romer et al., 2013; Rosen et al., 2014; Twenge et al., 2018a,b; Yang et al., 2013), while others find null effects or even benefits with greater screen time (Granic et al., 2014; Odgers, 2018; Przybylski and Weinstein, 2018; Valkenburg and Peter, 2009). Thus, some have suggested that more research is needed before concluding that screen time limits are justified, arguing that valuable physician appointment time should not be devoted to discussing screen time without sufficient evidence for significant associations with well-being (Przybylski and Weinstein, 2017, 2018).

• Write your translation on the next line:

Some physician organizations have recommended that parents limit children’s daily screen time for their well-being. However, the research shows conflicting evidence on whether screen time has a negative, positive, or neutral effect on psychological well-being. Some argue that there should be stronger evidence that screen time limits improve psychological well-being before physicians can reasonably recommend them to parents.

• Paste quoted text from the Results section in the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

With one exception (the item on curiosity), wellbeing did not differ significantly between those spending no time on screens and those spending an hour a day. After an hour a day, however, increasing screen time was generally linked to progressively lower psychological well-being. In terms of relative risk (RR), high users of screens (7+ h/day) carried twice the risk of low well-being as low users (1 h/day), including not staying calm (e.g., among 14- to 17-year-olds, RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.72, 2.50), not finishing tasks (RR 2.53, CI 2.01, 3.20), not being curious (RR 2.72, CI 2.00, 3.71), and arguing too much with caregivers (RR 2.34, CI 1.85, 2.97; see Figs. 2–6).

• Write your translation on the next line:

There was no significant difference in well-being between those spending no time on screens and those spending one hour a day. But after one hour, the more screen time a child had the more likely they were to have worse psychological well-being. Children who had 7+ hours of screen time daily were twice as likely to not stay calm when frustrated, not finish tasks, not be curious, and argue excessively with caregivers than children who had 1 hour of screen time a day.

Discussion:

• Paste quoted text from the Discussion section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Notably, we found that the association between screen time and low well-being was larger for adolescents than for younger children, consistent with at least one earlier study (Rosen et al., 2014). This suggests that the AAP and other organizations focused on public health might consider extending recommendations for specific limits on screen time to preteens and teens.

• Write your translation on the next line:

The American Association of Pediatricians only recommends specific screen time limits for children 5 and under. However, the researchers found that high screen time was more likely to have a negative effect on psychological well-being for preteens and teens than younger children. This finding is supported by other studies that found the same effect. The researchers suggest that the AAP should consider extending screen time limit recommendations for preteens and teens, as it has a greater impact on that age group.

• What future research should follow up on this work?

This study did not differentiate between media such as TV and digital media like video games, internet and social media. Future research should investigate whether these different forms of media have a different impact on psychological well-being for children.

• What did you not understand about this paper that someone else may be able to help you with? Or, if you understood everything, what did you find most challenging to understand?

It was challenging to understand the statistical analyses the researchers used to come to their conclusions. I also did not understand how they controlled for confounding variables such as race, child age, and household income.