Mitra Vaish 2025

• Paste quoted text from the Methods section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks or a bullet mark:

A cross-sectional research approach is used in this study since data from a sample of college students is gathered all at once. It is quantitative in nature as both tools (PSQI & DASS-21) provide numerical data suitable for statistical analysis. Current study is comparative, correlational, and descriptive as it will examine the relationship between sleep quality and mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, and stress), without manipulating any variables

• Write your translation on the next line:

The researchers did not track the same university students for long periods of months or years. They employed two questionnaires (PSQI – sleep and DASS-21 – mental health), which generate numbers that can be statistically analysed. The study sought associations between sleep quality and symptoms of mental health, but the researchers did not influence or manipulate the students’ lives in any way—they only observed what was occurring.

• Paste quoted text from the Introduction of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Sleep Deprivation refers to a condition in which an individual doesn’t get an adequate amount of sleep, or a good quality of sleep, or fails to obtain the amount of sleep that they need over a period of time.

• Write your translation on the next line:

Sleep deprivation is a condition in which a person does not get enough sleep or good quality sleep, or does not get the sleep that his or her body needs over a period of time. However, a person can get enough hours of sleep and feel tired the following day, as the sleep may not have been restful.

• Paste quoted text from the Results section in the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

The sleep deprived group (M=20.3, SD=7.1) reported significantly higher depression scores compared to the non-sleep deprived group (M=13.8, SD=6.3). The difference was statistically significant, t (98) =5.01, p <0.001, indicating that sleep deprived students showed greater symptoms of depression.

• Write your translation on the next line:

The average depression score for the sleep-deprived students was approximately 20, but for those who got sufficient sleep, the scores were approximately 14. This difference is very unlikely to have happened by chance (the probability is less than 0.1%), so the researchers concluded that lack of sleep is linked to more severe depression symptoms in university students.

• Paste quoted text from the Discussion section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

The impact of inadequate sleep on mental health may be made worse by the particular stressors that university students may experience, such as financial worries, social pressures, and academic pressure. It’s possible that students who are already sleep deprived lack the inner strength necessary to handle these difficulties.

• Write your translation on the next line:

College students are already under a lot of stress due to financial issues, peer pressure, and grade pressures, to name just a few. These normal stresses may be even more difficult to handle when a student also experiences difficulty sleeping. Students who have been deprived of sleep may not have the emotional energy or mental resources necessary to deal effectively with daily demands.

• What future research should follow up on this work?

Future research should involve the same group of students over months and/or years (a longitudinal study) to determine if there is a link between sleep deprivation and mental health issues or the other way around. Other issues that may impact upon the connection between sleep and mental health, including part-time work schedules, diet, exercise, social support from friends and family, and academic workload, should also be investigated by researchers. Further, qualitative research, with interviews of sleep-deprived students on their daily experiences and coping mechanisms, could offer more insight than numbers alone.

• What did you not understand about this paper that someone else may be able to help you with? Or, if you understood everything, what did you find most challenging to understand?

One of the most difficult portions to grasp was the statistical analysis portion, namely, what the t score (t = 5.01) represented and why the researchers chose to implement an independent samples t-test rather than another statistical test. I knew that a p-value <0.001 meant the result was significant, but I was not so sure about the meaning of the degrees of freedom of 98 (100 participants – 2 groups) or the t-value of 5.01, indicating the size or importance of the difference between groups, other than “it is significant.”