Silva, Tortelli, Motta 2019

Methods:

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Patients underwent a 12-week aquatic training program with two weekly sessions, lasting 45 min. In both groups, theintensity was similar. Heart rate (HR) was monitored every 10 sec (Polar, Kajaani, Finland), and the rate of perceivedexertion (Borg scale) was measured in the final 20 sec of each stage. The aquatic training classes were always held in theafternoon in a pool with a depth of 1.20 m, measuring 25 m 12.5 m, with water in the approximate temperature range of 26 to 28oC.

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Patients were divided into 2 groups as the depressive group and non-depressive group. Both groups received 12-week aquatic training program with two weekly sessions, lasting 45 min. The intensity remained similar in both groups while HR was monitored every 10 sec, and the rate of perceived exertion was measured in the final 20 sec of each stage. The setting of the pool was fixed as follow – Pool with a depth of 1.2m, measuring 25m x 12.5m, and water temperature range of 26-to-28-degree Celsius. The classes were only held in the afternoon in a pool.

Introduction:

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Although studies have shown significant improvement in the depressive symptoms of elderly individuals after the regular practice of physical exercises (2,8), the relations between mental health, functional autonomy and oxidative stress remain obscure. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exercise on mental health, functional autonomy and oxidative stress parameters in depressed elderly individuals.

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The study found that consistent practice of physical exercises such as the aquatic exercises contribute substantially to the depressive symptoms for the elders. However, the relations between mental health, functional autonomy and oxidative stress have not been fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exercise on mental health, functional autonomy and oxidative stress measures in depressed elderly individuals.

Results

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As shown in Figure 3, the results showed a significant decrease in scores for anxiety after the aquatic exercise program in the depression group (11.8±5) when compared to before the program (22.9±4) (po0.05). The control group did not show significantly altered results for anxiety after the program (4.5±3) compared to before the program (4.7±1) (p40.05). Our results indicated that clinically, there was a 48% decrease in the anxiety scores in the depressed elderly individuals.

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The results of this study were divided into several sectors such as TUG scores, anxiety scores, oxidative stress and depression scores in both depressive and non-depressive elder groups. After 12 weeks of aquatic training, we could figure out that the scores for anxiety after the aquatic exercise program reduced noticeably in the depression group as the score dropped from 22.9 to 11.8 (po.0.05), whereas the control group (non-depressive group) remained roughly the same from 4.7 to 4.5. This result implicit that the aquatic exercises can reduce the anxiety scores by 48% if the patients complete the given tasks and follow supervision well.

Discussion:

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The present study demonstrates that a low-intensity aerobic training program in the aquatic environment can contribute to the treatment of depression by reducing anxiety and depression scores, improving functional autonomy and decreasing oxidative stress.

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The study suggests that a consistent low‑intensity aerobic training program in an aquatic environment can reduce or slow the progression of depression. Noticeable decreases in anxiety and depression scores were observed throughout the study, indicating that this intervention also helps improve functional autonomy and reduce oxidative stress.

Future Directions:

• What future research should follow up on this work?

The future research should include the types of aquatic exercises in regard of the physiological perspective and deeper relations between the normal grounded exercises versus aquatic exercises as not all individuals have availability to find the place for the aquatic exercises. Additionally, I personally think it would be good to suggest the treatment plan and added detail in the result/discussion area because it gives the guideline to the depression patients.

Difficult Material:

• What did you not understand about this paper that someone else may be able to help you with? Or, if you understood everything, what did you find most challenging to understand?

The study presented the results clearly using various measures, such as anxiety scores and Timed Up and Go (TUG) scores; however, I had difficulty understanding the meaning of the numerical values. Although the results were illustrated using percentages, it was unclear how these values were calculated and what they specifically represented. The findings would have been easier to understand if explanations for each score had been provided. In addition, I was curious whether the study could have emphasized safety and risk‑management procedures, such as pre‑session safety checks or the number of lifeguards present during the exercise sessions.