Zhang Tan Chen 2025

• Paste quoted text from the Methods section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks or a bullet mark:

Each participant was randomly assigned into four groups (fire, wind, rain, and snow). The whole experimental process was divided into three stages: participants were asked to rest for 1 min in stage 1, then listen to white noise for 3 min in stage 2, and finally rest for 1 min in stage 3.

• Write your translation on the next line:

The participants of the study were split into four experimental condition groups: fire, wind, rain, and snow. There were three stages in the experiment. First the participants rested for 1 minute with no white noise, then the participant listened to white noise for 3 minutes, and lastly rested for 1 minute with no noise again.

• Paste quoted text from the Introduction of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Therefore, this study focuses on the effect of white noise on specific brain areas and explores the causal relationship between them. Furthermore, the activation of brain regions after listening to white noise was explored to reveal the mechanism of white noise in its sedative effect.

• Write your translation on the next line:

This study aimed to discover the relationship between the effects of white noise on certain areas of the brain. The study also looked at whether white noise had a calming effect by looking at the regions of the brain that were active while listening to the white noise.

• Paste quoted text from the Results section in the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Comparing stages 1 and 3, in the wind group, the mean concentration of HbO2 was significantly increased in the inferior prefrontal gyrus and the pars triangularis of Broca’s area (P 0.05), whereas in the snow group, it was significantly increased in the frontopolar area and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P 0.05, Figure 2).

• Write your translation on the next line:

When comparing stages 1 and 3, researchers found statistically significant differences in brain activity in two groups. In the wind group, oxygen levels in the blood (HbO2) increased in parts of the brain that are linked to language and decision-making. In the snow group, oxygen levels increased in different areas of the brain that are related to planning and complex thinking.

• Paste quoted text from the Discussion section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

In the wind group, heart rate and SBP decreased, reflecting a calming effect and reduced physiological tension. Facial expression analysis revealed that in the rain and wind groups, there was an increase in positive expressions and a decrease in negative expressions. These findings support our hypothesis regarding the positive role of white noise in calming and emotional regulation.

• Write your translation on the next line:

The results of this study showed that white noise had a clear impact on the physical and emotional states of the participants. For the experimental group that listened to wind, participants had a lowered heart rate and systolic blood pressure which indicates that listening to wind white noise had a calming effect and can decrease physical stress. From studying the facial expressions of the participants, they found that listening to rain and wind increased positive expressions while decreasing negative expressions. These results support the researchers’ idea that white noise would have a positive effect in calming and mood stabilization.

• What future research should follow up on this work?

Future research could look at how long an individual needs to listen to white noise to see a significant effect and how long the effect lasts after stopping the white noise.

• What did you not understand about this paper that someone else may be able to help you with? Or, if you understood everything, what did you find most challenging to understand?

The most difficult sections to understand were the parts explaining fNIRs data acquisition and processing.