Cooper Péloquin Lachowsky 2023

• Paste quoted text from the Methods section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks or a bullet mark:

Finally, we hypothesized a compounding effect of pressure to be masculine from multiple sources and its relationship with mental health outcomes. To test this, we measured the associations between the count of pressure to be masculine indicators and mental health outcomes.

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The authors theorized that any relationship between an individual feeling pressure to be masculine and poor mental health outcomes (e.g. depression, anxiety, etc) might be stronger if that individual experienced pressure to be masculine from multiple sources in their life (e.g. from friends and family AND from the general society). To test this theory, they counted the number of different sources that participants in the study reported feeling pressure to be masculine from, and looked at how the number of sources was associated with the mental health outcomes of interest.

• Paste quoted text from the Introduction of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

By investigating the prevalence of pressure to be masculine, identifying the groups most affected by this pressure, and examining its association with mental health outcomes, this study aims to contribute and advance understandings of the social determinants of health within GBT2Q individuals. By addressing these gaps in the knowledge, the present study hopes to inform the development of effective interventions to address mental health disparities and promote overall wellbeing in GBT2Q populations.

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The authors wanted to fill gaps in the evidence base regarding the effects of societal pressures to be masculine on the mental health of gay, bisexual, trans, Two-Spirit, and queer men and non-binary (GBT2Q) individuals. They hoped that improving our understanding of how societal pressure to be masculine impacts mental health among GBT2Q individuals would be helpful in the development of interventions aimed at improving mental health for this population.

• Paste quoted text from the Results section in the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Compared with respondents not reporting any felt pressure to be masculine, respondents reporting increasing numbers of forms of pressure to be masculine were at increased odds of depression (1 source of pressure AOR 1.25, 95% CI [1.06, 1.50]; 3 sources of pressure AOR 1.98, 95% CI [1.62, 2.42]), anxiety (1 source of pressure AOR 1.33, 95% CI [1.12, 1.57]; 3 sources of pressure AOR 2.09, 95% CI [1.74, 2.52]), and fair/poor self-rated mental health (1 source of pressure AOR 1.52, 95% CI [1.29, 1.78]; 3 sources of pressure AOR 1.85, 95% CI [1.53, 2.23]).

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The authors found that, compared to participants who did not report feeling pressure to be masculine, participants who did report feeling pressure to be masculine were more likely to report poor mental health outcomes (in this case, depression, anxiety, and fair or poor self-rated mental health), and that the likelihood of reporting each of these outcomes was higher the more sources from whom a participant reported feeling pressure to be masculine. In other words, the authors did find a compounding effect between the number of sources of pressure to be masculine and poor mental health outcomes.

• Paste quoted text from the Discussion section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

GBT2Q individuals are subordinated by society within this hierarchy of masculinity, which can lead to increased pressure to pass as masculine and align with elements of hegemonic masculinity (McVittie et al., 2017). Our study shows that such pressures can manifest significant risks to mental health, including anxiety and depression.

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Gay, bisexual, trans, Two-Spirit, and queer men and non-binary people are marginalised within societies that idealize certain forms of masculinity, and so can feel pressure to appear masculine and express themselves in ways that align with these idealized forms of masculinity in order to avoid this marginalization. However, this study shows that this pressure itself can lead to poor mental health outcomes among this population.

Future research on this topic could investigate whether greater involvement in the wider 2SLGBTQ+ community helps to reduce the impact on mental health of felt pressure to be masculine. The idea behind this would be that those who have greater involvement in the wider 2SLGBTQ+ community are more likely to have friends and support networks of others like them who don’t adhere to traditional gender norms, and so while they still experience pressure to be masculine from people in their lives or wider society, that pressure has less impact on them because they have a supportive community of people among whom they can be themselves.

In the methods section, where the authors discuss their use of multivariable logistic regression to examine the associations between felt pressure to be masculine and poor mental health outcomes, they state that they “ruled out multicollinearity by verifying variance inflation factors did not exceed four”. I’m not entirely sure what this means.