Sun Liang Lawrence

Methods:

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511 infants were recruited at birth between April 2010 and July 2013 from 14 hospitals within the North and South-West London Perinatal Network. Parents of 485 infants consented for the infants to undertake magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term-equivalent age (38–44 weeks postmenstrual age [PMA]) and follow-up neurodevelopment assessments at 18–24 months of age.

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Over three years April 2010 and July 2013, 511 infants between the ages of 38 -44 weeks and from 14 different hospitals in the Greater London area underwent an MRI as well as follow-up assessments later on to track their neurodevelopment.

Introduction:

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Research has increasingly focused on the impact of environmental exposures on infant’s structural brain maturation and behavioural outcomes. For example, exposure to air pollution during mid-to-late pregnancy has been linked to changes in fetal brain morphological development (Gomez-Herrera et al., 2025)

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There is evidence to support that environmental exposures on an infants brain has impact on the structural maturing of the brain and the behaviours the infant will go to exhibit.

Results:

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Even after accounting for areal SES (Model 2), residing in areas characterised by limited public spaces and greater air pollution (Group 2) was associated with higher possibilities of cognitive developmental delays, and the association remained significant after further adjustment for maternal education, maternal anxiety, sex, gestational age, and age at assessment (Model 3). In addition, in the fully adjusted model (Model 3), females were less likely to have cognitive developmental delays compared to males, while every additional gestational week lowers the odds of cognitive delay by 18 %.

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That there is a correlation between environmental factors and brain development in fetuses and children. As well it was noted that females were at less risk than males at the same age and that there is an 18% lower risk for every additional gestational week.

Discussion:

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These results underscore the importance of the perinatal exposome in shaping neurodevelopmental trajectories for very preterm infants, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions to mitigate environmental risks during this vulnerable developmental window, even in the absence of overt structural brain alterations.

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That there needs to be an increase in interventions in public health to ensure that environmental risks are mitigate during fetal growth to ensure optimal brain development.

Future Directions:

• What future research should follow up on this work?

I think a follow up of the children until their teens and even into their 20’s to see about the lasting effects – nature vs nuture. Were the children able to adapt and make up the difference so to speak?

Difficult Material:

• What did you not understand about this paper that someone else may be able to help you with? Or, if you understood everything, what did you find most challenging to understand?

I found some of the data in Table 1 and 2 difficult to quickly extract. One must review the associated codes which I felt were a bit of a challenge too. I feel that there may be an easier and fluid way of presenting the data.