Hu Feng Xu 2021

Methods:
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The data of happiness is obtained through the questionnaire, and its observation value is >0. The data of depression and anxiety are expressed as the increment of the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and the value ranges from−1 to 1.

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Happiness data was collected through a questionnaire where participants rated their happiness with a score always above 0. Data on depression and anxiety were measured by evaluating how the rates of these conditions increased or decreased over time with values that ranged from -1 to 1.

Introduction:
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In addition, some scholars also paid attention to the impact of subjective air pollution on mental health. Subjective air pollution refers to the subjective evaluation of the objective air quality, which has a direct impact on people’s mental state (3, 4). For example, the concentrations pollutants of SO2, NO2, PM2.5, or PM10 in the same objective air environment may lead to different subjective air pollution indexes because different individuals may have different sensitivity to air pollution.

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Some researchers also study the effects of subjective air pollution, which is where people may perceive the air quality differently than what the air quality actually is. Even if the air quality should feel the same for everybody, some people might think it is better or worse than it actually is due to differences in sensitivity to air pollution.

Results:
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Table 4 shows that the significance of the estimated value of regression coefficient of air pollution on happiness has changed from significant to insignificant in the process of gradually adding control variables under complete sample. Specifically, the regression coefficients of air pollution on happiness are significantly negative when control variables such as unemployment, social support, generosity, positive emotion, and negative emotion are gradually added; whereas, it is not significant after adding control variable of income level. Therefore, income level may influence the impact of air pollution on happiness through this empirical research.

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Variables such as unemployment, social support, generosity, and positive and negative emotion impact happiness negatively. However, when income level is factored in, the effects of these variables are insignificant. This suggests that income level has an effect on how air pollution affects happiness.

Discussion:
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It appears that only in high-income countries, air pollution has a significant inhibitory effect on happiness for high educated groups, but not for low-educated ones. This may be explained that people with high-level education would have better ability to obtain information in high-income countries; besides, they would have deeper subjective feelings about air pollution with the increase of environmental knowledge (4).

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In high-income countries, air pollution decreases happiness in highly educated groups but not for poorly educated groups. This is because groups with higher education have more access to information about the harms of air pollution.

Future Directions:
⦁ What future research should follow up on this work?

It would be interesting to see if these findings can be applied to all countries in the world because only 51 countries were included in this study. It would also be interesting to see how these results differ across age groups, gender, or occupation.

Difficult Material:
⦁ What did you not understand about this paper that someone else may be able to help you with? Or, if you understood everything, what did you find most challenging to understand?

The methodology section was the most challenging to understand because I was unfamiliar with the testing methods and formulas used.