Sato Eguchi Hayashi 2025

• Paste quoted text from the Methods section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks or a bullet mark:

We initially enrolled 9087 participants (5530 men and 3557 women) from workplaces and the community who attended a health measurement course at the Osaka Medical Center for Health Science and Promotion (the Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention as of March 2022) between 2001 and 2002. After excluding 22 participants with incomplete questionnaires, 2 participants aged 20 years, and 637 participants with depressive symptoms at baseline, we included 8436 participants (5188 men and 3248 women) aged 20–92 years (mean age: 51.5 years) in the analysis.

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The researchers started with over 9,000 adults from workplaces and the general community who attended a health check program in Japan. After removing people with incomplete surveys, very young participants, and those who already had depressive symptoms, the study included 8,436 adults between the ages of 20 and 92. These participants were then analyzed to examine lifestyle factors and the development of depressive symptoms.

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This study aimed to examine the association between lifestyle factors and the development of depressive symptoms in a large cohort of Japanese individuals, with a particular focus on sex differences, using a longitudinal follow-up design. Considering that lifestyle factors are modifiable—unlike unpredictable and challenging stressful events—exploring their relationship with psychological health is crucial (Ohira et al., 2007).

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The goal of this study was to understand how lifestyle habits are related to the development of depressive symptoms over time. Because lifestyle factors can be changed, unlike stressful life events that are harder to control, the researchers wanted to see how these habits might affect mental health.

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After adjusting for sex and age, very low physical activity; short sleep duration; current smoking; frequent skipping of breakfast; regular consumption of oily dishes, fatty meat, highly seasoned dishes, noodle soup, and salted foods; and regularly adding soy sauce or other sauces to dishes were associated with increased HRs for depressive symptoms.

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The study found that people with unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as very little physical activity, short sleep duration, smoking, skipping breakfast, and frequently eating fatty or highly salted foods, were more likely to develop depressive symptoms.

• Paste quoted text from the Discussion section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Our findings align with those of previous studies, suggesting that maintaining healthy sleep and exercise routines can help prevent depression.

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The researchers concluded that their results support earlier research and show that healthy sleep and regular physical activity may help reduce the risk of depression.

Future research should examine whether changing specific lifestyle factors, such as improving sleep duration or increasing physical activity, can directly reduce the risk of developing depressive symptoms. Intervention studies could help determine whether promoting healthier lifestyle habits leads to improvements in mental health over time.

The most challenging part of this paper was understanding the statistical analyses used to calculate the risk of developing depressive symptoms over time, particularly how the hazard ratios were adjusted for multiple lifestyle factors. While the overall findings were clear, interpreting the statistical methods required more advanced knowledge.