Trumello Vismara Sechi 2021

• Paste quoted text from the Methods section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks or a bullet mark:

Descriptive data for the sample was summarized using means and standard deviations. An independent t-test was run to verify whether there were gender differences between study variables.

• Write your translation on the next line:

The entire set of responses from students was summarized using averages and standard deviation, a measure of how clustered or spread out most data points are in relation to the average. A test was run to determine whether there were significant differences between boys and girls in the study.

• Paste quoted text from the Introduction of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Quality of parental care and parent–child relationships offer a valuable model for understanding the risky or protective role played by parenting in the development of adolescent’s behavior, and can also provide an important contribution to understanding the pathogenesis of IA.

• Write your translation on the next line:

The quality of parenting and parent-child relationships are a useful metric for determining the positive effect of high-quality parenting or negative effect of low-quality parenting on a teenager’s behaviour, and can also help us to understand how and why IA develops.

• Paste quoted text from the Results section in the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

The direct and negative association between paternal care and IA problems was not significant, whereas the direct and negative link between maternal care and IA problems was significant (−0.07, p > 0.05; −0.24, p < 0.001, respectively).

• Write your translation on the next line:

There was no reliable scientific relationship between a father’s care and IA problems, but there was a reliable scientific relationship between a mother’s care where higher-quality parenting decreased IA problems and lower-quality parenting increased IA problems.

• Paste quoted text from the Discussion section of the article on the next line. Do not include quotation marks:

Specifically, the onset of IA in both male and female adolescents is mediated by the presence of psychological difficulties in them. However, previous studies highlighted a bi-directional relationship between mental health problems and IA, and this possibility cannot be excluded in interpreting our findings.

• Write your translation on the next line:

The development of IA in both teenage boys and girls seems to be encouraged by existing mental health problems. However, previous research has shown that IA can also cause mental health problems, so that possibility must also be considered.

• What future research should follow up on this work?

Now that this study has found that increased maternal care leads to a decrease in IA, an interesting future study would be to design a family-based intervention (including mothers) for teenagers with IA and to measure the success of that intervention.

• What did you not understand about this paper that someone else may be able to help you with? Or, if you understood everything, what did you find most challenging to understand?

The most difficult part of this paper for me to understand was the Materials and Methods section, specifically the subsection on data analysis. Although I have taken a statistics course and understood some of the methods discussed, there was a lot of technical jargon and acronyms in that section that I did not understand. For example, I did not understand “latent variable”, “kurtosis”, and “Tucker Lewis Index (TLI)”.